diff --git a/src/plugins/provider-auth-helpers.ts b/src/plugins/provider-auth-helpers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..72075dffc00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/plugins/provider-auth-helpers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+import fs from "node:fs";
+import path from "node:path";
+import type { OAuthCredentials } from "@mariozechner/pi-ai";
+import { resolveOpenClawAgentDir } from "../agents/agent-paths.js";
+import { upsertAuthProfile } from "../agents/auth-profiles.js";
+import { normalizeProviderIdForAuth } from "../agents/provider-id.js";
+import type { SecretInputMode } from "../commands/onboard-types.js";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
+import { resolveStateDir } from "../config/paths.js";
+import {
+  coerceSecretRef,
+  DEFAULT_SECRET_PROVIDER_ALIAS,
+  type SecretInput,
+  type SecretRef,
+} from "../config/types.secrets.js";
+import { PROVIDER_ENV_VARS } from "../secrets/provider-env-vars.js";
+import { normalizeSecretInput } from "../utils/normalize-secret-input.js";
+
+const ENV_REF_PATTERN = /^\$\{([A-Z][A-Z0-9_]*)\}$/;
+
+const resolveAuthAgentDir = (agentDir?: string) => agentDir ?? resolveOpenClawAgentDir();
+
+export type ApiKeyStorageOptions = {
+  secretInputMode?: SecretInputMode;
+};
+
+export type WriteOAuthCredentialsOptions = {
+  syncSiblingAgents?: boolean;
+};
+
+function buildEnvSecretRef(id: string): SecretRef {
+  return { source: "env", provider: DEFAULT_SECRET_PROVIDER_ALIAS, id };
+}
+
+function parseEnvSecretRef(value: string): SecretRef | null {
+  const match = ENV_REF_PATTERN.exec(value);
+  if (!match) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return buildEnvSecretRef(match[1]);
+}
+
+function resolveProviderDefaultEnvSecretRef(provider: string): SecretRef {
+  const envVars = PROVIDER_ENV_VARS[provider];
+  const envVar = envVars?.find((candidate) => candidate.trim().length > 0);
+  if (!envVar) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Provider "${provider}" does not have a default env var mapping for secret-input-mode=ref.`,
+    );
+  }
+  return buildEnvSecretRef(envVar);
+}
+
+function resolveApiKeySecretInput(
+  provider: string,
+  input: SecretInput,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+): SecretInput {
+  const coercedRef = coerceSecretRef(input);
+  if (coercedRef) {
+    return coercedRef;
+  }
+  const normalized = normalizeSecretInput(input);
+  const inlineEnvRef = parseEnvSecretRef(normalized);
+  if (inlineEnvRef) {
+    return inlineEnvRef;
+  }
+  if (options?.secretInputMode === "ref") {
+    return resolveProviderDefaultEnvSecretRef(provider);
+  }
+  return normalized;
+}
+
+export function buildApiKeyCredential(
+  provider: string,
+  input: SecretInput,
+  metadata?: Record<string, string>,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+): {
+  type: "api_key";
+  provider: string;
+  key?: string;
+  keyRef?: SecretRef;
+  metadata?: Record<string, string>;
+} {
+  const secretInput = resolveApiKeySecretInput(provider, input, options);
+  if (typeof secretInput === "string") {
+    return {
+      type: "api_key",
+      provider,
+      key: secretInput,
+      ...(metadata ? { metadata } : {}),
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    type: "api_key",
+    provider,
+    keyRef: secretInput,
+    ...(metadata ? { metadata } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+export function applyAuthProfileConfig(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  params: {
+    profileId: string;
+    provider: string;
+    mode: "api_key" | "oauth" | "token";
+    email?: string;
+    preferProfileFirst?: boolean;
+  },
+): OpenClawConfig {
+  const normalizedProvider = normalizeProviderIdForAuth(params.provider);
+  const profiles = {
+    ...cfg.auth?.profiles,
+    [params.profileId]: {
+      provider: params.provider,
+      mode: params.mode,
+      ...(params.email ? { email: params.email } : {}),
+    },
+  };
+
+  const configuredProviderProfiles = Object.entries(cfg.auth?.profiles ?? {})
+    .filter(([, profile]) => normalizeProviderIdForAuth(profile.provider) === normalizedProvider)
+    .map(([profileId, profile]) => ({ profileId, mode: profile.mode }));
+
+  // Maintain `auth.order` when it already exists. Additionally, if we detect
+  // mixed auth modes for the same provider, keep the newly selected profile first.
+  const existingProviderOrder = cfg.auth?.order?.[params.provider];
+  const preferProfileFirst = params.preferProfileFirst ?? true;
+  const reorderedProviderOrder =
+    existingProviderOrder && preferProfileFirst
+      ? [
+          params.profileId,
+          ...existingProviderOrder.filter((profileId) => profileId !== params.profileId),
+        ]
+      : existingProviderOrder;
+  const hasMixedConfiguredModes = configuredProviderProfiles.some(
+    ({ profileId, mode }) => profileId !== params.profileId && mode !== params.mode,
+  );
+  const derivedProviderOrder =
+    existingProviderOrder === undefined && preferProfileFirst && hasMixedConfiguredModes
+      ? [
+          params.profileId,
+          ...configuredProviderProfiles
+            .map(({ profileId }) => profileId)
+            .filter((profileId) => profileId !== params.profileId),
+        ]
+      : undefined;
+  const order =
+    existingProviderOrder !== undefined
+      ? {
+          ...cfg.auth?.order,
+          [params.provider]: reorderedProviderOrder?.includes(params.profileId)
+            ? reorderedProviderOrder
+            : [...(reorderedProviderOrder ?? []), params.profileId],
+        }
+      : derivedProviderOrder
+        ? {
+            ...cfg.auth?.order,
+            [params.provider]: derivedProviderOrder,
+          }
+        : cfg.auth?.order;
+  return {
+    ...cfg,
+    auth: {
+      ...cfg.auth,
+      profiles,
+      ...(order ? { order } : {}),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Resolve real path, returning null if the target doesn't exist. */
+function safeRealpathSync(dir: string): string | null {
+  try {
+    return fs.realpathSync(path.resolve(dir));
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function resolveSiblingAgentDirs(primaryAgentDir: string): string[] {
+  const normalized = path.resolve(primaryAgentDir);
+  const parentOfAgent = path.dirname(normalized);
+  const candidateAgentsRoot = path.dirname(parentOfAgent);
+  const looksLikeStandardLayout =
+    path.basename(normalized) === "agent" && path.basename(candidateAgentsRoot) === "agents";
+
+  const agentsRoot = looksLikeStandardLayout
+    ? candidateAgentsRoot
+    : path.join(resolveStateDir(), "agents");
+
+  const entries = (() => {
+    try {
+      return fs.readdirSync(agentsRoot, { withFileTypes: true });
+    } catch {
+      return [];
+    }
+  })();
+  const discovered = entries
+    .filter((entry) => entry.isDirectory() || entry.isSymbolicLink())
+    .map((entry) => path.join(agentsRoot, entry.name, "agent"));
+
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  const result: string[] = [];
+  for (const dir of [normalized, ...discovered]) {
+    const real = safeRealpathSync(dir);
+    if (real && !seen.has(real)) {
+      seen.add(real);
+      result.push(real);
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+export async function writeOAuthCredentials(
+  provider: string,
+  creds: OAuthCredentials,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: WriteOAuthCredentialsOptions,
+): Promise<string> {
+  const email =
+    typeof creds.email === "string" && creds.email.trim() ? creds.email.trim() : "default";
+  const profileId = `${provider}:${email}`;
+  const resolvedAgentDir = path.resolve(resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir));
+  const targetAgentDirs = options?.syncSiblingAgents
+    ? resolveSiblingAgentDirs(resolvedAgentDir)
+    : [resolvedAgentDir];
+
+  const credential = {
+    type: "oauth" as const,
+    provider,
+    ...creds,
+  };
+
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId,
+    credential,
+    agentDir: resolvedAgentDir,
+  });
+
+  if (options?.syncSiblingAgents) {
+    const primaryReal = safeRealpathSync(resolvedAgentDir);
+    for (const targetAgentDir of targetAgentDirs) {
+      const targetReal = safeRealpathSync(targetAgentDir);
+      if (targetReal && primaryReal && targetReal === primaryReal) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      try {
+        upsertAuthProfile({
+          profileId,
+          credential,
+          agentDir: targetAgentDir,
+        });
+      } catch {
+        // Best-effort: sibling sync failure must not block primary setup.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return profileId;
+}
diff --git a/src/plugins/provider-auth-storage.ts b/src/plugins/provider-auth-storage.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d8e15115902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/plugins/provider-auth-storage.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+import { resolveOpenClawAgentDir } from "../agents/agent-paths.js";
+import { upsertAuthProfile } from "../agents/auth-profiles.js";
+import type { SecretInput } from "../config/types.secrets.js";
+import { KILOCODE_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF } from "../providers/kilocode-shared.js";
+import {
+  buildApiKeyCredential,
+  type ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+  writeOAuthCredentials,
+  type WriteOAuthCredentialsOptions,
+} from "./provider-auth-helpers.js";
+
+const resolveAuthAgentDir = (agentDir?: string) => agentDir ?? resolveOpenClawAgentDir();
+
+export { KILOCODE_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF };
+export {
+  buildApiKeyCredential,
+  type ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+  writeOAuthCredentials,
+  type WriteOAuthCredentialsOptions,
+};
+
+export async function setAnthropicApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "anthropic:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("anthropic", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setOpenaiApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "openai:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("openai", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setGeminiApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "google:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("google", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setMinimaxApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  profileId: string = "minimax:default",
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  const provider = profileId.split(":")[0] ?? "minimax";
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId,
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential(provider, key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setMoonshotApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "moonshot:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("moonshot", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setKimiCodingApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "kimi:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("kimi", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setVolcengineApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "volcengine:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("volcengine", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setByteplusApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "byteplus:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("byteplus", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setSyntheticApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "synthetic:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("synthetic", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setVeniceApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "venice:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("venice", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export const ZAI_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = "zai/glm-5";
+export const XIAOMI_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = "xiaomi/mimo-v2-flash";
+export const OPENROUTER_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = "openrouter/auto";
+export const HUGGINGFACE_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = "huggingface/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1";
+export const TOGETHER_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = "together/moonshotai/Kimi-K2.5";
+export const LITELLM_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = "litellm/claude-opus-4-6";
+export const VERCEL_AI_GATEWAY_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = "vercel-ai-gateway/anthropic/claude-opus-4.6";
+
+export async function setZaiApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "zai:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("zai", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setXiaomiApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "xiaomi:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("xiaomi", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setOpenrouterApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  const safeKey = typeof key === "string" && key === "undefined" ? "" : key;
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "openrouter:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("openrouter", safeKey, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setCloudflareAiGatewayConfig(
+  accountId: string,
+  gatewayId: string,
+  apiKey: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  const normalizedAccountId = accountId.trim();
+  const normalizedGatewayId = gatewayId.trim();
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "cloudflare-ai-gateway:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential(
+      "cloudflare-ai-gateway",
+      apiKey,
+      {
+        accountId: normalizedAccountId,
+        gatewayId: normalizedGatewayId,
+      },
+      options,
+    ),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setLitellmApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "litellm:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("litellm", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setVercelAiGatewayApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "vercel-ai-gateway:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("vercel-ai-gateway", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setOpencodeZenApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  await setSharedOpencodeApiKey(key, agentDir, options);
+}
+
+export async function setOpencodeGoApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  await setSharedOpencodeApiKey(key, agentDir, options);
+}
+
+async function setSharedOpencodeApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  for (const provider of ["opencode", "opencode-go"] as const) {
+    upsertAuthProfile({
+      profileId: `${provider}:default`,
+      credential: buildApiKeyCredential(provider, key, undefined, options),
+      agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+export async function setTogetherApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "together:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("together", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setHuggingfaceApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "huggingface:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("huggingface", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export function setQianfanApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "qianfan:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("qianfan", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export function setModelStudioApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "modelstudio:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("modelstudio", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export function setXaiApiKey(key: SecretInput, agentDir?: string, options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "xai:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("xai", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setMistralApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "mistral:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("mistral", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function setKilocodeApiKey(
+  key: SecretInput,
+  agentDir?: string,
+  options?: ApiKeyStorageOptions,
+) {
+  upsertAuthProfile({
+    profileId: "kilocode:default",
+    credential: buildApiKeyCredential("kilocode", key, undefined, options),
+    agentDir: resolveAuthAgentDir(agentDir),
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/plugins/provider-onboarding-config.ts b/src/plugins/provider-onboarding-config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9e70eaac192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/plugins/provider-onboarding-config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+import { findNormalizedProviderKey } from "../agents/provider-id.js";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
+import type { AgentModelEntryConfig } from "../config/types.agent-defaults.js";
+import type {
+  ModelApi,
+  ModelDefinitionConfig,
+  ModelProviderConfig,
+} from "../config/types.models.js";
+
+function extractAgentDefaultModelFallbacks(model: unknown): string[] | undefined {
+  if (!model || typeof model !== "object") {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  if (!("fallbacks" in model)) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  const fallbacks = (model as { fallbacks?: unknown }).fallbacks;
+  return Array.isArray(fallbacks) ? fallbacks.map((v) => String(v)) : undefined;
+}
+
+export function applyOnboardAuthAgentModelsAndProviders(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  params: {
+    agentModels: Record<string, AgentModelEntryConfig>;
+    providers: Record<string, ModelProviderConfig>;
+  },
+): OpenClawConfig {
+  return {
+    ...cfg,
+    agents: {
+      ...cfg.agents,
+      defaults: {
+        ...cfg.agents?.defaults,
+        models: params.agentModels,
+      },
+    },
+    models: {
+      mode: cfg.models?.mode ?? "merge",
+      providers: params.providers,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function applyAgentDefaultModelPrimary(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  primary: string,
+): OpenClawConfig {
+  const existingFallbacks = extractAgentDefaultModelFallbacks(cfg.agents?.defaults?.model);
+  return {
+    ...cfg,
+    agents: {
+      ...cfg.agents,
+      defaults: {
+        ...cfg.agents?.defaults,
+        model: {
+          ...(existingFallbacks ? { fallbacks: existingFallbacks } : undefined),
+          primary,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function applyProviderConfigWithDefaultModels(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  params: {
+    agentModels: Record<string, AgentModelEntryConfig>;
+    providerId: string;
+    api: ModelApi;
+    baseUrl: string;
+    defaultModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[];
+    defaultModelId?: string;
+  },
+): OpenClawConfig {
+  const providerState = resolveProviderModelMergeState(cfg, params.providerId);
+
+  const defaultModels = params.defaultModels;
+  const defaultModelId = params.defaultModelId ?? defaultModels[0]?.id;
+  const hasDefaultModel = defaultModelId
+    ? providerState.existingModels.some((model) => model.id === defaultModelId)
+    : true;
+  const mergedModels =
+    providerState.existingModels.length > 0
+      ? hasDefaultModel || defaultModels.length === 0
+        ? providerState.existingModels
+        : [...providerState.existingModels, ...defaultModels]
+      : defaultModels;
+  return applyProviderConfigWithMergedModels(cfg, {
+    agentModels: params.agentModels,
+    providerId: params.providerId,
+    providerState,
+    api: params.api,
+    baseUrl: params.baseUrl,
+    mergedModels,
+    fallbackModels: defaultModels,
+  });
+}
+
+export function applyProviderConfigWithDefaultModel(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  params: {
+    agentModels: Record<string, AgentModelEntryConfig>;
+    providerId: string;
+    api: ModelApi;
+    baseUrl: string;
+    defaultModel: ModelDefinitionConfig;
+    defaultModelId?: string;
+  },
+): OpenClawConfig {
+  return applyProviderConfigWithDefaultModels(cfg, {
+    agentModels: params.agentModels,
+    providerId: params.providerId,
+    api: params.api,
+    baseUrl: params.baseUrl,
+    defaultModels: [params.defaultModel],
+    defaultModelId: params.defaultModelId ?? params.defaultModel.id,
+  });
+}
+
+export function applyProviderConfigWithModelCatalog(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  params: {
+    agentModels: Record<string, AgentModelEntryConfig>;
+    providerId: string;
+    api: ModelApi;
+    baseUrl: string;
+    catalogModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[];
+  },
+): OpenClawConfig {
+  const providerState = resolveProviderModelMergeState(cfg, params.providerId);
+  const catalogModels = params.catalogModels;
+  const mergedModels =
+    providerState.existingModels.length > 0
+      ? [
+          ...providerState.existingModels,
+          ...catalogModels.filter(
+            (model) => !providerState.existingModels.some((existing) => existing.id === model.id),
+          ),
+        ]
+      : catalogModels;
+  return applyProviderConfigWithMergedModels(cfg, {
+    agentModels: params.agentModels,
+    providerId: params.providerId,
+    providerState,
+    api: params.api,
+    baseUrl: params.baseUrl,
+    mergedModels,
+    fallbackModels: catalogModels,
+  });
+}
+
+type ProviderModelMergeState = {
+  providers: Record<string, ModelProviderConfig>;
+  existingProvider?: ModelProviderConfig;
+  existingModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[];
+};
+
+function resolveProviderModelMergeState(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  providerId: string,
+): ProviderModelMergeState {
+  const providers = { ...cfg.models?.providers } as Record<string, ModelProviderConfig>;
+  const existingProviderKey = findNormalizedProviderKey(providers, providerId);
+  const existingProvider =
+    existingProviderKey !== undefined
+      ? (providers[existingProviderKey] as ModelProviderConfig | undefined)
+      : undefined;
+  const existingModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[] = Array.isArray(existingProvider?.models)
+    ? existingProvider.models
+    : [];
+  if (existingProviderKey && existingProviderKey !== providerId) {
+    delete providers[existingProviderKey];
+  }
+  return { providers, existingProvider, existingModels };
+}
+
+function applyProviderConfigWithMergedModels(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  params: {
+    agentModels: Record<string, AgentModelEntryConfig>;
+    providerId: string;
+    providerState: ProviderModelMergeState;
+    api: ModelApi;
+    baseUrl: string;
+    mergedModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[];
+    fallbackModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[];
+  },
+): OpenClawConfig {
+  params.providerState.providers[params.providerId] = buildProviderConfig({
+    existingProvider: params.providerState.existingProvider,
+    api: params.api,
+    baseUrl: params.baseUrl,
+    mergedModels: params.mergedModels,
+    fallbackModels: params.fallbackModels,
+  });
+  return applyOnboardAuthAgentModelsAndProviders(cfg, {
+    agentModels: params.agentModels,
+    providers: params.providerState.providers,
+  });
+}
+
+function buildProviderConfig(params: {
+  existingProvider: ModelProviderConfig | undefined;
+  api: ModelApi;
+  baseUrl: string;
+  mergedModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[];
+  fallbackModels: ModelDefinitionConfig[];
+}): ModelProviderConfig {
+  const { apiKey: existingApiKey, ...existingProviderRest } = (params.existingProvider ?? {}) as {
+    apiKey?: string;
+  };
+  const normalizedApiKey = typeof existingApiKey === "string" ? existingApiKey.trim() : undefined;
+
+  return {
+    ...existingProviderRest,
+    baseUrl: params.baseUrl,
+    api: params.api,
+    ...(normalizedApiKey ? { apiKey: normalizedApiKey } : {}),
+    models: params.mergedModels.length > 0 ? params.mergedModels : params.fallbackModels,
+  };
+}