diff --git a/extensions/anthropic/index.test.ts b/extensions/anthropic/index.test.ts
index 00fe6ba74ee..172a7099e4d 100644
--- a/extensions/anthropic/index.test.ts
+++ b/extensions/anthropic/index.test.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,12 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import type { ProviderPlugin } from "../../src/plugins/types.js";
+import { registerSingleProviderPlugin } from "../../src/test-utils/plugin-registration.js";
 import {
   createProviderUsageFetch,
   makeResponse,
 } from "../../src/test-utils/provider-usage-fetch.js";
 import anthropicPlugin from "./index.js";
 
-function registerProvider(): ProviderPlugin {
-  let provider: ProviderPlugin | undefined;
-  anthropicPlugin.register({
-    registerProvider(nextProvider: ProviderPlugin) {
-      provider = nextProvider;
-    },
-  } as never);
-  if (!provider) {
-    throw new Error("provider registration missing");
-  }
-  return provider;
-}
+const registerProvider = () => registerSingleProviderPlugin(anthropicPlugin);
 
 describe("anthropic plugin", () => {
   it("owns anthropic 4.6 forward-compat resolution", () => {
diff --git a/extensions/github-copilot/index.test.ts b/extensions/github-copilot/index.test.ts
index e69fee13b88..633d1f1ad75 100644
--- a/extensions/github-copilot/index.test.ts
+++ b/extensions/github-copilot/index.test.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,8 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import type { ProviderPlugin } from "../../src/plugins/types.js";
+import { registerSingleProviderPlugin } from "../../src/test-utils/plugin-registration.js";
 import githubCopilotPlugin from "./index.js";
 
-function registerProvider(): ProviderPlugin {
-  let provider: ProviderPlugin | undefined;
-  githubCopilotPlugin.register({
-    registerProvider(nextProvider: ProviderPlugin) {
-      provider = nextProvider;
-    },
-  } as never);
-  if (!provider) {
-    throw new Error("provider registration missing");
-  }
-  return provider;
-}
+const registerProvider = () => registerSingleProviderPlugin(githubCopilotPlugin);
 
 describe("github-copilot plugin", () => {
   it("owns Copilot-specific forward-compat fallbacks", () => {
diff --git a/extensions/google/gemini-cli-provider.test.ts b/extensions/google/gemini-cli-provider.test.ts
index dd991e2b32d..341ecd9e0b9 100644
--- a/extensions/google/gemini-cli-provider.test.ts
+++ b/extensions/google/gemini-cli-provider.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import type { ProviderPlugin } from "../../src/plugins/types.js";
+import { createCapturedPluginRegistration } from "../../src/test-utils/plugin-registration.js";
 import {
   createProviderUsageFetch,
   makeResponse,
@@ -15,26 +16,25 @@ function registerGooglePlugin(): {
   } | null;
   webSearchProviderRegistered: boolean;
 } {
-  let provider: ProviderPlugin | undefined;
-  let webSearchProviderRegistered = false;
-  let webSearchProvider: {
-    id: string;
-    envVars: string[];
-    label: string;
-  } | null = null;
-  googlePlugin.register({
-    registerProvider(nextProvider: ProviderPlugin) {
-      provider = nextProvider;
-    },
-    registerWebSearchProvider(nextProvider: { id: string; envVars: string[]; label: string }) {
-      webSearchProviderRegistered = true;
-      webSearchProvider = nextProvider;
-    },
-  } as never);
+  const captured = createCapturedPluginRegistration();
+  googlePlugin.register(captured.api);
+  const provider = captured.providers[0];
   if (!provider) {
     throw new Error("provider registration missing");
   }
-  return { provider, webSearchProviderRegistered, webSearchProvider };
+  const webSearchProvider = captured.webSearchProviders[0] ?? null;
+  return {
+    provider,
+    webSearchProviderRegistered: webSearchProvider !== null,
+    webSearchProvider:
+      webSearchProvider === null
+        ? null
+        : {
+            id: webSearchProvider.id,
+            envVars: webSearchProvider.envVars,
+            label: webSearchProvider.label,
+          },
+  };
 }
 
 describe("google plugin", () => {
diff --git a/extensions/zai/index.test.ts b/extensions/zai/index.test.ts
index 119309d31a3..f79f53670b7 100644
--- a/extensions/zai/index.test.ts
+++ b/extensions/zai/index.test.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,12 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import type { ProviderPlugin } from "../../src/plugins/types.js";
+import { registerSingleProviderPlugin } from "../../src/test-utils/plugin-registration.js";
 import {
   createProviderUsageFetch,
   makeResponse,
 } from "../../src/test-utils/provider-usage-fetch.js";
 import zaiPlugin from "./index.js";
 
-function registerProvider(): ProviderPlugin {
-  let provider: ProviderPlugin | undefined;
-  zaiPlugin.register({
-    registerProvider(nextProvider: ProviderPlugin) {
-      provider = nextProvider;
-    },
-  } as never);
-  if (!provider) {
-    throw new Error("provider registration missing");
-  }
-  return provider;
-}
+const registerProvider = () => registerSingleProviderPlugin(zaiPlugin);
 
 describe("zai plugin", () => {
   it("owns glm-5 forward-compat resolution", () => {
diff --git a/src/test-utils/plugin-registration.ts b/src/test-utils/plugin-registration.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fe89acc5d92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test-utils/plugin-registration.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import type {
+  OpenClawPluginApi,
+  ProviderPlugin,
+  WebSearchProviderPlugin,
+} from "../plugins/types.js";
+
+export type CapturedPluginRegistration = {
+  api: OpenClawPluginApi;
+  providers: ProviderPlugin[];
+  webSearchProviders: WebSearchProviderPlugin[];
+};
+
+export function createCapturedPluginRegistration(): CapturedPluginRegistration {
+  const providers: ProviderPlugin[] = [];
+  const webSearchProviders: WebSearchProviderPlugin[] = [];
+
+  return {
+    providers,
+    webSearchProviders,
+    api: {
+      registerProvider(provider: ProviderPlugin) {
+        providers.push(provider);
+      },
+      registerWebSearchProvider(provider: WebSearchProviderPlugin) {
+        webSearchProviders.push(provider);
+      },
+    } as OpenClawPluginApi,
+  };
+}
+
+export function registerSingleProviderPlugin(params: {
+  register(api: OpenClawPluginApi): void;
+}): ProviderPlugin {
+  const captured = createCapturedPluginRegistration();
+  params.register(captured.api);
+  const provider = captured.providers[0];
+  if (!provider) {
+    throw new Error("provider registration missing");
+  }
+  return provider;
+}