diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8e01313986e..8dd74fd3313 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- Security/ACP: harden ACP bridge session management with duplicate-session refresh, idle-session reaping, oldest-idle soft-cap eviction, and burst rate limiting on session creation to reduce local DoS risk without disrupting normal IDE usage.
 - Security/Gateway: rate-limit control-plane write RPCs (`config.apply`, `config.patch`, `update.run`) to 3 requests per minute per `deviceId+clientIp`, add restart single-flight coalescing plus a 30-second restart cooldown, and log actor/device/ip with changed-path audit details for config/update-triggered restarts.
 - Commands/Doctor: skip embedding-provider warnings when `memory.backend` is `qmd`, because QMD manages embeddings internally and does not require `memorySearch` providers. (#17263) Thanks @miloudbelarebia.
 - Security/Webhooks: harden Feishu and Zalo webhook ingress with webhook-mode token preconditions, loopback-default Feishu bind host, JSON content-type enforcement, per-path rate limiting, replay dedupe for Zalo events, constant-time Zalo secret comparison, and anomaly status counters.
diff --git a/src/acp/session-mapper.test.ts b/src/acp/session-mapper.test.ts
index ac06dcf4b89..be026e632a8 100644
--- a/src/acp/session-mapper.test.ts
+++ b/src/acp/session-mapper.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import type { GatewayClient } from "../gateway/client.js";
 import { parseSessionMeta, resolveSessionKey } from "./session-mapper.js";
 import { createInMemorySessionStore } from "./session.js";
@@ -57,7 +57,17 @@ describe("acp session mapper", () => {
 });
 
 describe("acp session manager", () => {
-  const store = createInMemorySessionStore();
+  let nowMs = 0;
+  const now = () => nowMs;
+  const advance = (ms: number) => {
+    nowMs += ms;
+  };
+  let store = createInMemorySessionStore({ now });
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    nowMs = 1_000;
+    store = createInMemorySessionStore({ now });
+  });
 
   afterEach(() => {
     store.clearAllSessionsForTest();
@@ -77,4 +87,113 @@ describe("acp session manager", () => {
     expect(cancelled).toBe(true);
     expect(store.getSessionByRunId("run-1")).toBeUndefined();
   });
+
+  it("refreshes existing session IDs instead of creating duplicates", () => {
+    const first = store.createSession({
+      sessionId: "existing",
+      sessionKey: "acp:one",
+      cwd: "/tmp/one",
+    });
+    advance(500);
+
+    const refreshed = store.createSession({
+      sessionId: "existing",
+      sessionKey: "acp:two",
+      cwd: "/tmp/two",
+    });
+
+    expect(refreshed).toBe(first);
+    expect(refreshed.sessionKey).toBe("acp:two");
+    expect(refreshed.cwd).toBe("/tmp/two");
+    expect(refreshed.createdAt).toBe(1_000);
+    expect(refreshed.lastTouchedAt).toBe(1_500);
+  });
+
+  it("reaps idle sessions before enforcing the max session cap", () => {
+    const boundedStore = createInMemorySessionStore({
+      maxSessions: 1,
+      idleTtlMs: 1_000,
+      now,
+    });
+    try {
+      boundedStore.createSession({
+        sessionId: "old",
+        sessionKey: "acp:old",
+        cwd: "/tmp",
+      });
+      advance(2_000);
+      const fresh = boundedStore.createSession({
+        sessionId: "fresh",
+        sessionKey: "acp:fresh",
+        cwd: "/tmp",
+      });
+
+      expect(fresh.sessionId).toBe("fresh");
+      expect(boundedStore.getSession("old")).toBeUndefined();
+    } finally {
+      boundedStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("uses soft-cap eviction for the oldest idle session when full", () => {
+    const boundedStore = createInMemorySessionStore({
+      maxSessions: 2,
+      idleTtlMs: 24 * 60 * 60 * 1_000,
+      now,
+    });
+    try {
+      const first = boundedStore.createSession({
+        sessionId: "first",
+        sessionKey: "acp:first",
+        cwd: "/tmp",
+      });
+      advance(100);
+      const second = boundedStore.createSession({
+        sessionId: "second",
+        sessionKey: "acp:second",
+        cwd: "/tmp",
+      });
+      const controller = new AbortController();
+      boundedStore.setActiveRun(second.sessionId, "run-2", controller);
+      advance(100);
+
+      const third = boundedStore.createSession({
+        sessionId: "third",
+        sessionKey: "acp:third",
+        cwd: "/tmp",
+      });
+
+      expect(third.sessionId).toBe("third");
+      expect(boundedStore.getSession(first.sessionId)).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(boundedStore.getSession(second.sessionId)).toBeDefined();
+    } finally {
+      boundedStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects when full and no session is evictable", () => {
+    const boundedStore = createInMemorySessionStore({
+      maxSessions: 1,
+      idleTtlMs: 24 * 60 * 60 * 1_000,
+      now,
+    });
+    try {
+      const only = boundedStore.createSession({
+        sessionId: "only",
+        sessionKey: "acp:only",
+        cwd: "/tmp",
+      });
+      boundedStore.setActiveRun(only.sessionId, "run-only", new AbortController());
+
+      expect(() =>
+        boundedStore.createSession({
+          sessionId: "next",
+          sessionKey: "acp:next",
+          cwd: "/tmp",
+        }),
+      ).toThrow(/session limit reached/i);
+    } finally {
+      boundedStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
+    }
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/acp/session.ts b/src/acp/session.ts
index 3214b08c301..92c45d87522 100644
--- a/src/acp/session.ts
+++ b/src/acp/session.ts
@@ -11,17 +11,93 @@ export type AcpSessionStore = {
   clearAllSessionsForTest: () => void;
 };
 
-export function createInMemorySessionStore(): AcpSessionStore {
+type AcpSessionStoreOptions = {
+  maxSessions?: number;
+  idleTtlMs?: number;
+  now?: () => number;
+};
+
+const DEFAULT_MAX_SESSIONS = 5_000;
+const DEFAULT_IDLE_TTL_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1_000;
+
+export function createInMemorySessionStore(options: AcpSessionStoreOptions = {}): AcpSessionStore {
+  const maxSessions = Math.max(1, options.maxSessions ?? DEFAULT_MAX_SESSIONS);
+  const idleTtlMs = Math.max(1_000, options.idleTtlMs ?? DEFAULT_IDLE_TTL_MS);
+  const now = options.now ?? Date.now;
   const sessions = new Map<string, AcpSession>();
   const runIdToSessionId = new Map<string, string>();
 
+  const touchSession = (session: AcpSession, nowMs: number) => {
+    session.lastTouchedAt = nowMs;
+  };
+
+  const removeSession = (sessionId: string) => {
+    const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
+    if (!session) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (session.activeRunId) {
+      runIdToSessionId.delete(session.activeRunId);
+    }
+    session.abortController?.abort();
+    sessions.delete(sessionId);
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  const reapIdleSessions = (nowMs: number) => {
+    const idleBefore = nowMs - idleTtlMs;
+    for (const [sessionId, session] of sessions.entries()) {
+      if (session.activeRunId || session.abortController) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (session.lastTouchedAt > idleBefore) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      removeSession(sessionId);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const evictOldestIdleSession = () => {
+    let oldestSessionId: string | null = null;
+    let oldestLastTouchedAt = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    for (const [sessionId, session] of sessions.entries()) {
+      if (session.activeRunId || session.abortController) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (session.lastTouchedAt >= oldestLastTouchedAt) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      oldestLastTouchedAt = session.lastTouchedAt;
+      oldestSessionId = sessionId;
+    }
+    if (!oldestSessionId) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return removeSession(oldestSessionId);
+  };
+
   const createSession: AcpSessionStore["createSession"] = (params) => {
+    const nowMs = now();
     const sessionId = params.sessionId ?? randomUUID();
+    const existingSession = sessions.get(sessionId);
+    if (existingSession) {
+      existingSession.sessionKey = params.sessionKey;
+      existingSession.cwd = params.cwd;
+      touchSession(existingSession, nowMs);
+      return existingSession;
+    }
+    reapIdleSessions(nowMs);
+    if (sessions.size >= maxSessions && !evictOldestIdleSession()) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `ACP session limit reached (max ${maxSessions}). Close idle ACP clients and retry.`,
+      );
+    }
     const session: AcpSession = {
       sessionId,
       sessionKey: params.sessionKey,
       cwd: params.cwd,
-      createdAt: Date.now(),
+      createdAt: nowMs,
+      lastTouchedAt: nowMs,
       abortController: null,
       activeRunId: null,
     };
@@ -29,11 +105,24 @@ export function createInMemorySessionStore(): AcpSessionStore {
     return session;
   };
 
-  const getSession: AcpSessionStore["getSession"] = (sessionId) => sessions.get(sessionId);
+  const getSession: AcpSessionStore["getSession"] = (sessionId) => {
+    const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
+    if (session) {
+      touchSession(session, now());
+    }
+    return session;
+  };
 
   const getSessionByRunId: AcpSessionStore["getSessionByRunId"] = (runId) => {
     const sessionId = runIdToSessionId.get(runId);
-    return sessionId ? sessions.get(sessionId) : undefined;
+    if (!sessionId) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
+    if (session) {
+      touchSession(session, now());
+    }
+    return session;
   };
 
   const setActiveRun: AcpSessionStore["setActiveRun"] = (sessionId, runId, abortController) => {
@@ -44,6 +133,7 @@ export function createInMemorySessionStore(): AcpSessionStore {
     session.activeRunId = runId;
     session.abortController = abortController;
     runIdToSessionId.set(runId, sessionId);
+    touchSession(session, now());
   };
 
   const clearActiveRun: AcpSessionStore["clearActiveRun"] = (sessionId) => {
@@ -56,6 +146,7 @@ export function createInMemorySessionStore(): AcpSessionStore {
     }
     session.activeRunId = null;
     session.abortController = null;
+    touchSession(session, now());
   };
 
   const cancelActiveRun: AcpSessionStore["cancelActiveRun"] = (sessionId) => {
@@ -69,6 +160,7 @@ export function createInMemorySessionStore(): AcpSessionStore {
     }
     session.abortController = null;
     session.activeRunId = null;
+    touchSession(session, now());
     return true;
   };
 
diff --git a/src/acp/translator.session-rate-limit.test.ts b/src/acp/translator.session-rate-limit.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f8e31914be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/acp/translator.session-rate-limit.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import type {
+  AgentSideConnection,
+  LoadSessionRequest,
+  NewSessionRequest,
+} from "@agentclientprotocol/sdk";
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { GatewayClient } from "../gateway/client.js";
+import { createInMemorySessionStore } from "./session.js";
+import { AcpGatewayAgent } from "./translator.js";
+
+function createConnection(): AgentSideConnection {
+  return {
+    sessionUpdate: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+  } as unknown as AgentSideConnection;
+}
+
+function createGateway(): GatewayClient {
+  return {
+    request: vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true })),
+  } as unknown as GatewayClient;
+}
+
+function createNewSessionRequest(cwd = "/tmp"): NewSessionRequest {
+  return {
+    cwd,
+    mcpServers: [],
+    _meta: {},
+  } as unknown as NewSessionRequest;
+}
+
+function createLoadSessionRequest(sessionId: string, cwd = "/tmp"): LoadSessionRequest {
+  return {
+    sessionId,
+    cwd,
+    mcpServers: [],
+    _meta: {},
+  } as unknown as LoadSessionRequest;
+}
+
+describe("acp session creation rate limit", () => {
+  it("rate limits excessive newSession bursts", async () => {
+    const sessionStore = createInMemorySessionStore();
+    const agent = new AcpGatewayAgent(createConnection(), createGateway(), {
+      sessionStore,
+      sessionCreateRateLimit: {
+        maxRequests: 2,
+        windowMs: 60_000,
+      },
+    });
+
+    await agent.newSession(createNewSessionRequest());
+    await agent.newSession(createNewSessionRequest());
+    await expect(agent.newSession(createNewSessionRequest())).rejects.toThrow(
+      /session creation rate limit exceeded/i,
+    );
+
+    sessionStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
+  });
+
+  it("does not count loadSession refreshes for an existing session ID", async () => {
+    const sessionStore = createInMemorySessionStore();
+    const agent = new AcpGatewayAgent(createConnection(), createGateway(), {
+      sessionStore,
+      sessionCreateRateLimit: {
+        maxRequests: 1,
+        windowMs: 60_000,
+      },
+    });
+
+    await agent.loadSession(createLoadSessionRequest("shared-session"));
+    await agent.loadSession(createLoadSessionRequest("shared-session"));
+    await expect(agent.loadSession(createLoadSessionRequest("new-session"))).rejects.toThrow(
+      /session creation rate limit exceeded/i,
+    );
+
+    sessionStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/acp/translator.ts b/src/acp/translator.ts
index 3b8def1ec38..dc63020a3a4 100644
--- a/src/acp/translator.ts
+++ b/src/acp/translator.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import type {
   Agent,
   AgentSideConnection,
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ import type {
   StopReason,
 } from "@agentclientprotocol/sdk";
 import { PROTOCOL_VERSION } from "@agentclientprotocol/sdk";
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import type { GatewayClient } from "../gateway/client.js";
 import type { EventFrame } from "../gateway/protocol/index.js";
 import type { SessionsListResult } from "../gateway/session-utils.js";
@@ -50,12 +50,50 @@ type AcpGatewayAgentOptions = AcpServerOptions & {
   sessionStore?: AcpSessionStore;
 };
 
+const SESSION_CREATE_RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT_MAX_REQUESTS = 120;
+const SESSION_CREATE_RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT_WINDOW_MS = 10_000;
+
+class SessionCreateRateLimiter {
+  private count = 0;
+  private windowStartMs = 0;
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly maxRequests: number,
+    private readonly windowMs: number,
+    private readonly now: () => number = Date.now,
+  ) {}
+
+  consume(): { allowed: boolean; retryAfterMs: number; remaining: number } {
+    const nowMs = this.now();
+    if (nowMs - this.windowStartMs >= this.windowMs) {
+      this.windowStartMs = nowMs;
+      this.count = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (this.count >= this.maxRequests) {
+      return {
+        allowed: false,
+        retryAfterMs: Math.max(0, this.windowStartMs + this.windowMs - nowMs),
+        remaining: 0,
+      };
+    }
+
+    this.count += 1;
+    return {
+      allowed: true,
+      retryAfterMs: 0,
+      remaining: Math.max(0, this.maxRequests - this.count),
+    };
+  }
+}
+
 export class AcpGatewayAgent implements Agent {
   private connection: AgentSideConnection;
   private gateway: GatewayClient;
   private opts: AcpGatewayAgentOptions;
   private log: (msg: string) => void;
   private sessionStore: AcpSessionStore;
+  private sessionCreateRateLimiter: SessionCreateRateLimiter;
   private pendingPrompts = new Map<string, PendingPrompt>();
 
   constructor(
@@ -68,6 +106,16 @@ export class AcpGatewayAgent implements Agent {
     this.opts = opts;
     this.log = opts.verbose ? (msg: string) => process.stderr.write(`[acp] ${msg}\n`) : () => {};
     this.sessionStore = opts.sessionStore ?? defaultAcpSessionStore;
+    this.sessionCreateRateLimiter = new SessionCreateRateLimiter(
+      Math.max(
+        1,
+        opts.sessionCreateRateLimit?.maxRequests ?? SESSION_CREATE_RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT_MAX_REQUESTS,
+      ),
+      Math.max(
+        1_000,
+        opts.sessionCreateRateLimit?.windowMs ?? SESSION_CREATE_RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT_WINDOW_MS,
+      ),
+    );
   }
 
   start(): void {
@@ -124,6 +172,7 @@ export class AcpGatewayAgent implements Agent {
     if (params.mcpServers.length > 0) {
       this.log(`ignoring ${params.mcpServers.length} MCP servers`);
     }
+    this.enforceSessionCreateRateLimit("newSession");
 
     const sessionId = randomUUID();
     const meta = parseSessionMeta(params._meta);
@@ -154,6 +203,9 @@ export class AcpGatewayAgent implements Agent {
     if (params.mcpServers.length > 0) {
       this.log(`ignoring ${params.mcpServers.length} MCP servers`);
     }
+    if (!this.sessionStore.getSession(params.sessionId)) {
+      this.enforceSessionCreateRateLimit("loadSession");
+    }
 
     const meta = parseSessionMeta(params._meta);
     const sessionKey = await resolveSessionKey({
@@ -451,4 +503,14 @@ export class AcpGatewayAgent implements Agent {
       },
     });
   }
+
+  private enforceSessionCreateRateLimit(method: "newSession" | "loadSession"): void {
+    const budget = this.sessionCreateRateLimiter.consume();
+    if (budget.allowed) {
+      return;
+    }
+    throw new Error(
+      `ACP session creation rate limit exceeded for ${method}; retry after ${Math.ceil(budget.retryAfterMs / 1_000)}s.`,
+    );
+  }
 }
diff --git a/src/acp/types.ts b/src/acp/types.ts
index b6c713442b1..b266f6a5eef 100644
--- a/src/acp/types.ts
+++ b/src/acp/types.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ export type AcpSession = {
   sessionKey: string;
   cwd: string;
   createdAt: number;
+  lastTouchedAt: number;
   abortController: AbortController | null;
   activeRunId: string | null;
 };
@@ -19,6 +20,10 @@ export type AcpServerOptions = {
   requireExistingSession?: boolean;
   resetSession?: boolean;
   prefixCwd?: boolean;
+  sessionCreateRateLimit?: {
+    maxRequests?: number;
+    windowMs?: number;
+  };
   verbose?: boolean;
 };